The bright side of sports: a systematic review on well-being, positive emotions and performance Full Text

Anti-doping is a prohibitive, legalistic system of athlete-centred surveillance, testing, and sanctioning (de Hon, 2016; Mazanov, 2013). Globally, anti-doping efforts are led by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the umbrella organisation responsible for policymaking and harmonisation (WADA, 2019). Doping is commonly understood as the use of prohibited performance enhancing substances or methods in sport. The official definition accepted by most sport organisations and athletes is that doping is the violation of one of the anti-doping rules laid out in the World Anti-Doping Code. The WADA Code (2019) includes as its fundamental rationale the promotion of athlete health. In this view, health promotion is achieved by prohibiting athletes from using substances for which ‘medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that the Use of the substance or method represents an actual or potential health risk to the Athlete’ (WADA, 2019, p.30).

• This approach is intended to protect athletes from false-positive tests resulting from naturally occurring high levels of endogenous substances, while catching those attempting to cheat by using naturally occurring substances.
• Though there is a range of motivations for engaging in doping (Henning & Dimeo, 2014), a primary one at the elite level is winning.
• Rates of performance-enhancing drug use may be higher among elite athletes, where the stakes and incentives for optimal performance are quite high.
• On the contrary, Corona et al.23 in a systematic review and meta-analysis, reported no increased cardiovascular risk in 1448 patients receiving testosterone over a mean duration of 34 weeks.

Commonly prescribed medications

Treatment with anti-epileptic drugs in athletes should be always reported and plasma levels measured. Serial ECGs are necessary to verify tolerance to therapy and, as asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia and nocturnal AV block can occur, Holter monitor might be needed. The most commonly used antiplatelet drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix®), prasugrel (Efient®), and ticagrelor (Brilique®). Just like anti-coagulants, antiplatelet medications increase the haemorrhagic risk, particularly in physically active individuals that might be involved in contact sports or sports with a higher intrinsic risk of injury.

• Having a blood transfusion to increase the number of red blood cells in the body is an example of this.
• Students will drink the same sodas, buy the same foods, and purchase the products that their idol pitches because it makes the relationship feel closer for them.
• Subsequently, researchers conducted a trial where 88 football clubs were randomized to the intervention or control condition.
• Offering to give them rides to treatment or even lending a listening ear can encourage an athlete to take the next steps.
• Even if it were possible to conduct randomized trials of PEDs, they would be constrained by the inability to replicate the high-risk behaviors, the multiplicity of PED and accessory drug use, and the psychologic, genetic, and behavioral attributes of actual PED users.
• This study, carried out through a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines considering the Web of Science, PsycINFO, PubMed and SPORT Discus databases, seeks to highlight the relationship between other more ‘positive’ factors, such as well-being, positive emotions and sports performance.

Performance-enhancing drugs in athletics: Research roundup

A third direction involves more research focused on substances besides alcohol, particularly in terms of intervention studies. Finally, researchers could consider exploring strategies for targeting/tailoring existing interventions to be more efficacious specifically https://ecosoberhouse.com/ among athletes. For example, one study found that personalized feedback tailored specifically for college athletes was more effective than feedback applicable to a general student population at reducing high-risk drinking (Martens, Kilmer, Beck, & Zamboanga, 2010).

Nondrug performance-enhancing measures

Caldwell et al. performed a diuretic-induced cycling workload reduction study to assess the effects of hypohydration on cycle ergometer performance. In this study, VO2 max (maximum oxygen uptake) and workload while cycling decrease in athletes after furosemide intake. Even after rehydration, muscular endurance and performance are greatly compromised by diuretic use (Caldwell et al., 1984). Additional studies performed on middle-distance runners (Armstrong et al., 1985) and wrestlers (Caldwell, 1987) confirmed that diuretics decrease the effects on overall athletic performance. Although insufficient data are available to establish the effect of long-term diuretic treatment on exercise capacity, it has been clearly shown that both single dose and short-term diuretic treatment adversely affect maximal exercise capacity and the duration of prolonged submaximal exercise (Fagard et al., 1993). For the multitude of reasons mentioned above, the drawbacks related to diuretic administration outweigh the potential advantages of lowering of weight and urine dilution; dehydration drastically impairs aerobic capacity and muscular strength and decreases metabolic efficiency.

Skiers and mountain climbers, however, make legitimate use of acetazolamide (a CA inhibitor that also acts on sites different than the kidney) in preventing AMS. They assume that because the drugs don’t necessarily produce any euphoria, they don’t have any addictive potential. However, the often extreme motivation that drives sportspeople negative effects of drugs in sport to try performance-enhancing drugs makes it easier to become addicted to their effects, despite the adverse effects of drugs in sport. Below is a selection of studies on a range of issues related to performance-enhancing drugs. It has sections on their potential economic impacts, prevalence, health effects and athletes’ attitudes.

• Figure 1 provides an example of how these sets were combined for each category of PEDs.
• Caldwell et al. performed a diuretic-induced cycling workload reduction study to assess the effects of hypohydration on cycle ergometer performance.
• Investigations of the structure-activity relationships (Figure 5) have established that removal of the 19-methyl group increases the anabolic activity; thus, 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) is a potent AAS and a very popular training drug that accounts for a large number of positive tests (94).
• It should be noted that a TUE is not valid if an athlete’s urine contains a diuretic in association with a threshold or sub-threshold level of another exogenous substance included on the Prohibited List.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Addiction

III. The Process of Data Gathering and Synthesis